General features of Japanese sentence structures + grammars - 3

　　　　　

みなさん、こんにちは！

Today's entry is about Verbs and Adjectives and the last one of Japanese grammar basics.


(8) Verbs

* three groups
　Group 1 (70%), Group 2 (30%), Irregular (two verbs)

* basic verb conjugations
　①Masu-form,　②Nai-form, ③Dictionary-form, ④Conditional-form,
　⑤Volitional-form, ⑥Te-form and ⑦Ta-Form
　Ex. (to go) ①Iki-masu, ②Ikanai, ③Iku, ④Ikeba, ⑤Iko, ⑥Itte, ⑦Itta.

* tenses
　①present form : habitual action and future
　Ex. Tanaka san wa mainiti kaisha ni ikimasu. (Mr. Tanaka goes to the office every day.)

　* For expressing present on-going action, different verb conjugation “te-form” is used.
　Ex. Kare wa ima hirugohan o tabete imasu. (He is having lunch now.)

　②past form : past and present perfect
　Ex. Kare wa senshu Kyoto ni ikimashita. (He went/has been to Kyoto last week.)



(9) Adjectives

* two groups :
　①i-adjective(Japanese origin words) and ②na-adjective(foreign words origin).

　①I-adjectives end with “i”.　
　Ex. Kyo wa atsui desu. (Today is hot. = It is hot today.)

　②Na-adjectives do not end with “na” when they modify a noun, they must be followed by na.
　Ex. Kyoto wa yumeena machi desu. (Kyoto is a famous town.)

 * conjugation : Japanese adjectives have conjugations
(present affirmative, present negative, past affirmative, past negative)
Ex. 　i-adjective　 "kawaii (cute)” -> kawaii, kawaikunai, kawaikatta, kawaikunakatta
　　　 na-adjective “shizuka (quiet)” -> shizuka, shizuka janai, shizuka deshita, shizuka janakatta


* present form : present
Ex. Kyo wa atsui desu. (Today is hot. = It is hot today.)
* For expressing future tense, different form which conveys inference is used.
Ex. Ashita wa atsui desho. (It will (probably) be hot tomorrow.)
* past form : past
Ex. Kino wa atsukatta desu. (Yesterday was hot. = It was hot yesterday.)